Rawa
Danau, Nature’s Unsung Reserve
It was in 1990 when we visited the place. It was when we were still in Biology Class, University of Indonesia. My best friend, Christina Purnami Wulan and I joined the field study to remote nature reserve in Banten Province. To us and others in Biology class who visited it this is a beautiful place to remember.
Maybe it is just the fate of those who live
next to the famed and eminent to exist in obscurity. How else would one explain
the fact that so few have ever heard of the Rawa Danau nature reserve at the
western end of West Java?
Without its water, the huge Suralaya power
plant on the Sunda Strait would run out of steam and the thriving industrial
town of Cilegon in Banten would be doomed to wither. And if ever the water in
this unsung reserve should dry up, the island of Java would lose the only hill
swamp-forest ecosystem still in existence.
It was in the early morning of a bright,
clear day that we arrived at Padarincang, the last village accessible by car on
the road from Jakarta towards the reserve. From there on it was a three-hour
hike over narrow footpaths, flanked here and there by simple houses, an
elementary school, and food stalls. Then, rather abruptly, the land grew more
empty. Houses stood abandoned in the stretch where the reserve area began, and
old ricefields lay abandoned, overgrown with bushes two to three meters tall,
blocking our path. The people had for many years been gone: resettled in more
scarcely populated areas outside Java.
At the end of the road there was a wide
expanse of marshland. And ahead of us still lay another quarter of an hour of
padding in a canoe, which was the only means of transportation available at
this point to enter the reserve area proper.
Literally, the name Rawa Danau means “lake
of marshes”. The reserve is spread over a valley about 90 meters above sea
level. About 2,500 hectares (6,750 acres) large, it was declared a nature
reserve in 1921 to protect Java’s even then only remaining mountain swampland
forest area.
Severaltimes during the past , farmers
hungry for land had tried to reclaim the land from the bogs. That happened in
as early as 1835, and again between 1907 and 1910. In 1942, bands of people
moved into the reserve and tried to occupy the land. Records compiled in 1983
showed that one-third of the land inside the reserve had been converted into
farmland.
Resettling the people to other areas
apparently helped, but new problems have since cropped up: water hyacinths (Eichornia crassipes) and other swamp
vegetation are proliferating out of control.
Few people have yet realized the lost that
has been suffered. Several endemic flora species still flourished, such as Alocasia batamensis and Coix lacryma-jobi l. var Palustris Backer.
But many more are believed to have perished
or have been pushed back by intruder species from outside the reserve, such as
the tuber Manihot esculenta, sugar
canes (Saccharum officinarum),
caladium (Colocasia esculenta), and
the rice that was initially planted by farmers.
Besides the beauty of its unique
vegetation, Rawa Danau also offers a most pleasant environment for bird
watchers. The reserve is home to a number of rare bird species, among which are
Tulung Tumpuk (barbet, Megalaima javensis),
which is endemic to the area, the big raja udang (white colored kingfisher, Halcyon chloris), beo (talking myna, Gracula religiosa), and the elang bondol
(brahminy kita, Haliastur indus).
Bird watching in these wilds, though, can
have its perilous moments. In our preoccupation with birds, we hardly noticed
we had penetrated rather deep into the wastelands until we heard the roar of
what must have been a leopard (Panthera
pardus) not very far away.
Fortunately nothing more spectacular
happened than the passing through the tree branches of groups of monkeys and a
flying squirrel (Etaurista elegan) gliding
above us with her young clasped to her body. Such rare species, however, have
sales value and for that reason they are hunted. In the case of Rawa Danau, the
relative obscurity may well be a blessing in disguise. But even as it is, the
deterioration of the natural environment inside the reserve is turning it into
a less-than-ideal habitat for wildlife.
Meanwhile the population pressure on the
reserve area is hardly abating. The relevant question now may be: How long
before Java will lose its last more or less intact hilly swamp-forest
ecosystem?
For one thing, water hyacinths are slowly
taking over. Already, much of the water is covered with floating islands of
water hyacinths. As a result, the process of silt forming and sedimentation is
accelerating. In due time, all the water will be gone. Perhaps only then will
it be realized how serious the impact of the loss of Rawa Danau can be (first published in Voice of Nature,
1990/written by Ika Nurillah Krishnayanti and Christina P. Wulan).